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Table 1 Molecules and pathways targeted in neuroprotection

From: Neuroprotective therapies for multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases

Pathway

Molecule

Candidate drugs

Trophic factors

BDNF, IGF-1, CNTF, etc.

rhBNDF, rhIGF-1, rhCNTF, etc., CERE-110 (AAV2-NGF)

Mitochondria dysfunction and energy depletion

Cytochrome C, ATP

Resveratrol, Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone, Troglitazone, Bezafibrate (PPARγ activator)

Ion channel

Sodium, Potassium or Calcium channels, Acid-Sensing Ion Channels

Phenitoin, Lamotrigin, Amiloride

Oxidative stress

iNOS, Nerf2

Dimethyl-Fumarate, Resveratrol, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Melatonin, Carnosine, Coenzyme-Q, Idebenone, Carotenoids

Excitotoxicity

Glutamate

Memantine, Riluzole

Demyelination

MOG, Lingo-1

BIIB003, Clemastine benztropine, miconazole and clobetasol

Axonal transport

Dynamin, kinesin, microtubules

Epothilone B

Inhibitory molecules axonal growth and myelination

Lingo-1, Nogo-A

BIIB003, GSK1223249

Apoptosis

Bcl2, Bim, Bax, Cytochrome C, Caspase-3

Caspase or calpain inhibitors, Mynocycline

Microglia M2 mediated neuroprotection

CD200, trophic factors (BDNF), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, TGFß)

Interferon-beta, Glatiramer acetate, Fumarate, Dimethyl-Fumarate, Mesenchymal stem cells

Astrocyte mediated neuroprotection

Trophic factors, NAA, pyruvate, lactate

Pentamidine, Methylthioadenosine, Fingolimod

  1. BDNF brain-derived nerve factor, IGF-1 insulin growth factor, CNTF cilliary neurotrophic factor, NGF Nerve growth factor, rh recombinant human, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase, ATP adenosine triphosphate, MOG myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, NAA N-Acetyl aspartate