Table 3 Clinical red flags for alternative diagnosis [74, 85]
Red flags | Diagnosis to consider |
|---|---|
Seizures | - Vasculitis - tumor - infection - NMDA-receptor encephalitis |
Headache | - Vasculitis - Susac syndrome (visual/hearing loss) - infection - venous thrombosis - cerebral edema - idiopathic intracranial hypertension |
Psychosis | - vasculitis - SLE - GM2 gangliosidosis - Susac syndrome - corticosteroid therapy |
Cranial neuropathy | - neuroborelliosis - neurosarcoidosis - Bechet disease |
Visual loss | - LHON - Psychogenic |
Recurrent optic neuropathy | - NMO - LHON - CRION |
retinopathy | - Susac syndrome - Mitochondrial encephalopathy |
Peripheral neuropathy | - Charcot Marie-Tooth disease - neuroborelliosis - Guillain-Barré Syndrome |
Progressive/relapsing encephalopathy | - Leukodystrophies - Mitochondrial encephalopathy - CADASIL |
Spastic paraplegia | - NMO - Tumor, vascular disorders - SLE - neurosarcoidosis - Hereditary spastic paraplegia |