Table 1 Learning phase versus confirmatory phase investigations

Learning Phase Paradigms

 • Adaptive dose-finding for toxicity (Bayesian or Frequentist)

 • Adaptive dose finding for efficacy (Bayesian or Frequentist)

 • Seamless phase I/IIa

Confirmatory Phase Paradigms

 • Group sequential

 • Sample size re-estimation

 • Adaptive randomization based on observed response

 • Adaptive randomization based upon covariate

 • Enrichment Designs

 • Adaptive treatment-switching design

 • Adaptive seamless phase II/III

Adaptive hypotheses

 • Superiority to non-inferiority